One of the biggest general things is giving them a graceful out.

One of the biggest markers of an intelligent person is the ability to accept they were wrong about something and update their world view. This leads them to finding the best understanding they currently can, rather than the first that stuck.

For most people this is extremely hard. If you also put them in a position where they feel like an idiot if they agree with you, many will just dig their heels in. Once this happens, the more you push the more they dig in. It has become part of their identity, and you are attacking it.

Unfortunately, the details about how to guide someone through are different depending on the person. Generally you want to align your new knowledge with their mindset, give them a good reason why they held their previous view, and how updating it improves them.

It's analogous to clearing sand with a hose Vs a sledge hammer. The sledge hammer will often compact the sand, rather than move it. Water can wash it away, but the process is slower. It also gets harder if it's previously been pounded with the hammer.

And rereading my word salad, I've got no idea how helpful it actually is as advice, but I'll post it anyway, in case it's actually useful to someone.

stories about lived experiences are more effective, but ultimately it depends on the person being willing to introspect and change their mind

here's a full article about how to change people's mind, if you want to read more on the subject: https://time.com/6224300/how-to-change-someones-mind/

Belief is social. If you can appeal to a group they have membership in, they're more likely to switch. If it sounds like you're a member of an out group, you're going to struggle.

So like if you're trying to get a evangelical to stop littering, framing it as like Jesus told us to shepherd the earth will probably work better than saying anything about scientists.

Also if you're trying to get someone to, like, stop believing in qanon, you're probably going to need to get them to leave that group. If they keep hanging out on those forums and groups, the brain is going to treat you coming with facts similar to how it would treat a threat to its physical safety. The brain really strongly prioritizes group membership. Probably because in prehistory, getting kicked from the group was extremely dangerous. If you can get them to no longer see the other cultists as their primary group, the transition is easier.

If the past 10 years have told me anything, by being a large hard-right media conglomerate consistently pounding the same facts as the reason for everyone's fear, unifying desperate people against a windmill you propped up yourself.

Friendship

Unfortunately you need them to learn before being exposed to misinformation, 90% of the time.

Only an extremely small percentage of the population is receptive to accepting new information. Even smart individuals struggle with that (See also: Albert Einsteins inability to accept Quantum Physics)

Fear & misdirection I guess

Appeal to their desires to be set free of their self imposed chains.

This came up in another lemmy.world thread today. You have to temper your argument and use language and concepts that conform to MAYA: Most Advanced Yet Acceptable.