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Fraud is conducting business under false pretenses.
What you’re referring to with obtaining social security numbers is basically “identity theft”, a term which makes a lot of sense in cybersecurity.
An SSN is basically (terrible) authentication credentials. So it’s credential theft. If you want you can call a bundle of credential factors an “identity” and then real life and computer identity theft become the same thing.
So basically you can go two ways with it.
One is fraud’s still the same and that wasn’t fraud per se that you were referring to before (except technically, in the sense identity theft is a subset of fraud).
The other is that to get your hands on people’s credentials, you’d get a copy of that GPG key. Maybe that means physical access, stealing the key, whatever. If you said biometric then that’ll eventually be spoofable due to biotech.