Binary data. In the case of lz it was a carefully "corrupted" archive.

I also like Tech ingredients, thought emporium. Though more on the practical here's what I did rather than informational/educational

More than once I've wondered if I can make something look like google fit to other apps, obviously would have to be on a degoogled rom, which limits its utility for a wider audience.

Swap the beep for some creepy breathing noises

I think you're describing protocols rather than algorithms For a chat program you can look at xmpp, or matrix, both are open protocols for chat apps. You can find info about how they communicate in RFCs or Google "xmpp architecture"

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP links to the RFCs for that.

I've been using k9 happily since they were adopted and so far I've been happy enough. I'll be pleased to see a fresh coat of paint on it.

To be fair, the title says more apps, not all apps..

If it wAs cOmFoRtAbLe bEiNg uNemPloYeD nObOdy woUlD WoRK!

I WoRk WhEn I'm SiCK, Why CaNt thE dIsAbLed WoRk tOO?

KaReN dOwn ThE roAd bRoKe hEr tOe, aND sHE sTiLl wEnT to WoRK!

Under the dock?

I learned this wrt romeo and juliet, maidenhead is the hymen or virginity (maidenhood?)

For reference the line in Romeo and Juliet was

Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads.
Take it in what sense thou wilt.

Turnwise and widdershins. I read it in a book once.

Self hosting what?

In general

1. Install docker
2. Copy and paste docker run commands from the getting started guide
3. Learn from mistakes