It might be worth reposting this to ! [email protected]
Most mirrorless interchangeable lens cameras, and even a decent amount of DSLR cameras, have phase detect autofocus.
What are you looking for specifically? From a pure size perspective, the Nikon 1" cameras (J1 - J5 and V1/V2) are going to be hard to beat. They're all out of production though. From there the next size up is Micro Four Thirds. Some of those cameras, like the EM5III do pack phase detect autofocus.
That said, I started digital photography with a Nikon D40 that lacked phase detect autofocus. DSLRs focus the same way your classic film camera did, so you shouldn't be having a problem with AF accuracy. Phase detection is used to enable faster autofocus - it lets the camera know which way it has to focus (closer or further).
How were you viewing your photos?