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this post was submitted on 29 Dec 2023
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judaism
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"Love labor, hate mastery over others, and avoid a close relationship with the government" (Avot, 1:10)
"Anti-Semitism means spreading enmity towards the Jews. When the accursed tsarist monarchy was living its last days it tried to incite ignorant workers and peasants against the Jews. The tsarist police, in alliance with the landowners and the capitalists, organised pogroms against the Jews. The landowners and capitalists tried to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants who were tortured by want against the Jews. In other countries, too, we often see the capitalists fomenting hatred against the Jews in order to blind the workers, to divert their attention from the real enemy of the working people, capital. Hatred towards the Jews persists only in those countries where slavery to the landowners and capitalists has created abysmal ignorance among the workers and peasants. Only the most ignorant and downtrodden people can believe the lies and slander that are spread about the Jews. This is a survival of ancient feudal times, when the priests burned heretics at the stake, when the peasants lived in slavery, and when the people were crushed and inarticulate. This ancient, feudal ignorance is passing away; the eyes of the people are being opened.
It is not the Jews who are the enemies of the working people. The enemies of the workers are the capitalists of all countries. Among the Jews there are working people, and they form the majority. They are our brothers, who, like us, are oppressed by capital; they are our comrades in the struggle for socialism. Among the Jews there are kulaks, exploiters and capitalists, just as there are among the Russians, and among people of all nations. The capitalists strive to sow and foment hatred between workers of different faiths, different nations and different races. Those who do not work are kept in power by the power and strength of capital. Rich Jews, like rich Russians, and the rich in all countries, are in alliance to oppress, crush, rob and disunite the workers.
Shame on accursed tsarism which tortured and persecuted the Jews. Shame on those who foment hatred towards the Jews, who foment hatred towards other nations.
Long live the fraternal trust and fighting alliance of the workers of all nations in the struggle to overthrow capital." - V. I. Lenin, Anti-Jewish Pogroms
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Ethnicity is a social construct, it's only tangentially related to biology, and to think otherwise is to fall for 19th century racist pseudoscience. It's partially based on culture, a shared sense of community, how one identifies in relation to the group amd others perceive you. It's also not a fixed thing, new ethnicities can arise, and people who previously were part of different communities can come to think of each other as members of the same group. You see this all the time throughout history: how, for instance, half of Europe came to think of themselves as Roman, and then when Rome fell a bunch of new "peoples" arised.
Jewish people have always been an ethnicity, it's just that the religion was also an important aspect of that ethnicity. It's a religion that one is born into, which is why Jewish people do not proselytize. In fact, they find converts to be extremely odd and historically never understood why they exist. There are also several "sub-ethnicities" inside of it (like any other, this isn't specific to Judaism) like the ashkenazi and the sephardi.
I think the reason why this confuses some people is that 21st century people, especially from the US, tend to increasingly think of human groups as "races", rather than smaller communities.
I don’t know if I agree with this. Most Roman subjects during the Roman Empire did not consider themselves ethnically Roman in the sense we use ethnicity. While some people from some remote cultures may have fully assimilated into a more uniform Romaness over the generations, Rome was always a multi-cultural empire that retained distinctions between what we would now call ethnic groups as subjects. Just like Asian Americans, African Americans, European Americans, etc are all “Americans” we don’t consider them the same ethnicity even if they have been in the US for centuries. David Duke and Angela Davis are both Americans (and both named after the same, Jewish, biblical figure) but I’d be surprised if anyone said that they shared an ethnicity.
The second paragraph is not consistent with the rabbinic tradition of Judaism, which, before Zionism, was more simply called “Judaism.” King David’s grandmother was a convert. Converts have always been a part of the religion and the Jewish religion makes very little distinction between a person who was born Jewish and a person converted. And the child of two converts is just as Jewish as King David. Even the Convert is just as Jewish as any other Jew despite having no Jewish bloodline. I linked a podcast episode in another comment chain here that goes into much more detail and cites historical sources for these claims (that particular podcaster is much more qualified to speak on this issue than me).
Obviously that was an oversimplification. But ethnogenesis is very much a real thing, every human community is predicated upon an imaginary shared past, but it's never perfectly homogeneous. The idea of nationality is also a very modern one and can't be compared to what being a citizen of an ancient empire was like. Most of my information I had on this comes from The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine (2011) as well as The Inheritance of Rome (2009).
On converts, of course its not literally impossible, but it's not particularly encouraged. In fact, people who seek to convert to Judaism most often will be discouraged from doing so, because there is no need for gentiles to convert to Judaism, according to the Jewish religion itself. If you are particularly insistent, conversion is possible, but it goes beyond a simple religious conversion, you basically become "adopted" into the Jewish community.
But doesn’t that just lead us back to the whole point of this post? That within the construct of ethnogenesis, the Jewish ethnicity is a modern and artificial construct of Zionist ideology? That prior to Zionism, ie the movement to create a Jewish nation amongst the nations and a Jewish ethnicity amongst the ethnicities, Jews from Russia were no more the same ethnicity as Jews from Morocco than Catholics from Croatia were the same ethnicity as Catholics from Ireland? Or Muslims from Saudi Arabia are the same ethnicity as Muslims from Chechnya?
Alternatively, isn’t it just mostly tautological? “Jewish” is an ethnicity because ethnicities are anything that someone can posit is an ethnicity regardless of historical context? So Jews 250 years ago almost uniformly did not think of Jewish as an ethnicity but Zionists decided they were so they are? Or the concept of ethnicity as such didn’t exist prior to the nationalist movements but now we must accept the sociological constructs of nationalism to decide whether Jewish fits in to what is already a flawed framework?
Nationalism is a modern phenomenon, ethnicity is not. Zionism was conceived at the same time as the national movements of Europe were being developed, and like the rest of the nationalist movements, was conceived to be a secular project, by secular, non practicing Jews. The very fact that one, even before the foundation of the zionist movement, could be considered Jewish despite not following the religion proves that it's not merely a religion. Just lookat how Marx was considered Jewish despite his atheism, and despite the fact that his father was a Christian convert. The comparison with catholicism is also inadequate, since Judaism is an ethnoreligion (and not the only one, mind you), while catholicism is not. Before the 19th century European Jews lived on enclaves, partly by choice, and partly due to religious persecution, and they have always considered themselves to be separate from the gentiles around them, making them an ethnic group by definition.
I do not know, however, if different ethnic groups of Jewish people thought of themselves as the same people prior to the 19th century. In ancient times different Jewish groups definetely thought so (see, for instance, the history of the Greek Jewish diaspora and their relationship with native Judeans), but things can change a lot in a few hundred years.
And historical context is definitely important, a group of people can consist of an ethnicity now, but not 100 years ago, and so on. Just because they have come to be part of the same community now doesn't mean that their ethnicity is "fake" however, since it's by definition a social convention, a cultural concept, not a biological one. I also do not agree that Zionism is responsible for the modern concept of jewishness.
We may be splitting hairs here but I think that still fundamentally misunderstands how Jews have defined Judaism for at least the last 500 years. Karl Marx is considered Jewish because his mother was Jewish and the Jewish religion says that if your mother is Jewish you are Jewish whether you follow the religion or not. However, had Karl Marx’s father been Jewish and his mother been something else, he would be considered 0% Jewish. Traditional religious Jewish communities still believe this. Had Karl Marx’s parents been Protestant and converted to Judaism before he was born, he’d be 100% Jewish. And that would have been true for thousands of years. The Jewish religion defines who is Jewish and it only coincidentally coincides with genetics much of the time.
Different ethnic groups of Jews did not, and generally still do not, consider themselves the same ethnicity except in the Zionist construct. But even Zionists in practice cannot remain consistent on this issue because of their extreme chauvinism. Hence the utter revulsion with “Ostjuden” by the western Zionists themselves and the current discrimination in Israel faced by non-white Jews. Hell, just look at how Israelis describe Haredi Jews in Israel.
If you read my above comments to suggest that I think the Zionist definition of Judaism is valid, I did a really bad job of writing them. My point is that Zionism has been trying to construct an ethnicity out of what was considered to be only a religious grouping for thousands of years.
When you say they separated themselves from the gentiles making them their own ethnicity, I think you are right to a point but it is not a global ethnicity. So German Jews who lived in ghettos did not see themselves as the same as the gentiles around them, but they did not consider themselves to be the same ethnicity as Jews living thousands of miles away. They didn’t share common language, clothing, food, living styles, marriage customs, etc with, say, Moroccan Jews, just a common religion. So there may have been micro ethnicities everywhere that were predominantly Jewish but they didn’t form a world spanning single ethnicity.
Maybe a great example of what I’m talking about, and one particularly well suited for hexbear, is the example of the Lithuanian Jewish community and the Bund in the late 19th and early 20th century. This massive population of Ashkenazim rejected Zionism, they were formed into a Jewish workers party but because historically the Russian empire forced Jews into their own little box. Following the creation of the USSR, the Bund voted to merge itself into the communist party and stated as its reason for doing so that there was no distinction between the proletariat of the categories that the Russian empire put everyone in. Importantly, they kept their religion but rejected political separation of the working class on artificial ethnic grounds.
Our hair splitting though gets to the point that I agree that there are ethnicities that are largely associated with Judaism. Just like the French ethnicity is largely associated with Catholicism. But the lump all Jews into a single ethnicity makes the concept of ethnicity lose any coherence the same way lumping all Catholics into a single ethnicity would. While I agree that you can identify ethnics groups of Jews like, say, the Lithuanian Ashkenazim (who spoke a different dialect of Yiddish that what was called Polish Ashkenazim), blending all Jewish ethnicities into a single one stretches the concept beyond any meaningful use. It is the project of Zionism to do so, but it is based on a false premise and an evil motive.
But for real, I know listening to links stranger post on the internet is a huge waste of time generally, but that pod episode I posted elsewhere on here goes right into it. It’s a Haredi Rabbi in Brooklyn who has spent decades meticulously debunking the Zionist proposition of a uniform Jewish ethnicity.