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Productivity of Rust teams at Google (programming.dev)

submitted 7 months ago* (last edited 7 months ago) by [email protected] to c/[email protected]

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Slide with text: “Rust teams at Google are as productive as ones using Go, and more than twice as productive as teams using C++.”

In small print it says the data is collected over 2022 and 2023.

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[–] [email protected] 21 points 7 months ago (3 children)

Early in the development of D they had two competing standard libraries that each provided nearly identical functionality but were incompatible with each other. Neither one was obviously the correct choice, and so their library ecosystem split in two, with some projects choosing to use one, while others picked the other one. Of course once a library decided to use one standard they were then locked into it and could only use the other libraries that had made the same choice.

I believe they eventually came to a solution where they merged the two libraries into a new one and deprecated the old ones, but for a while there it was an absolute mess in their ecosystem.

[–] [email protected] 11 points 7 months ago (2 children)

Can confirm, I was super excited about D about 10-15 years ago when all of that had recently been resolved. It's a really cool language, but it didn't really get much traction and Rust solves a lot of the problems I have with it, so I use that now.

That said, here are some features I really miss from D:

compile-time function execution - basically write macros in D; I saw some madlads writing a complete shader render loop at compile-time
opt-out garbage collection - you get GC by default, but it's pretty easy to make portions or all of your code safe w/o it
explicit scopes for finalizers - destructors can be run deterministically instead of "eventually" like in many GC languages
safeD - things like tagged pure and safe functions; basically, you can write in a checked subset, but it's opt-in, unlike Rust's opt-out
nice functional syntax
reentrant coroutines
really fast compiler

But at the end of the day, Rust provides more guarantees, enough features, and a fantastic ecosystem. But if both had the same ecosystem today, I would give D a serious consideration.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 7 months ago (1 children)

compile-time function execution - basically write macros in D; I saw some madlads writing a complete shader render loop at compile-time

There are of course macros, but they're kind of a pain to use. Zigs comptime fn are really nice and a similar concept. Rust does have const fn but of course those come with limits on them.

explicit scopes for finalizers - destructors can be run deterministically instead of “eventually” like in many GC languages

You kind of get that with Rust for free. You get implicit GC for anything stack allocated, and technically heap allocated values are deterministically freed which you can work out by tracking their ownership. As soon as the owning scope exits it will be freed. If you want more explicit control you can always invoke std::mem::drop to force it to be freed immediately, but generally you don't gain much by doing so.

really fast compiler

Some really great work is being done on that pretty much all the time but... yeah, I can't reasonably argue that the Rust compiler is fast. Taking full advantage of incremental compilation helps a lot, but if you're doing a clean build, better grab a coffee.

What would be nice is if cargo explored a similar solution to what Arch Linux used, where there's a repository of pre-compiled libraries for various platforms and configurations that can be used to speed up build times. That of course does come with a whole heap of problems though, probably the biggest of which is that it's a HUGE security nightmare. Of lesser concern is the fact that they could not realistically do so for every possible combination of features or platforms, so it would likely only apply to crates built with the default features for a small subset of the most popular platforms. I'm also not sure what the tree shaking would end up looking like in a situation like that.

[–] [email protected] 4 points 7 months ago (1 children)

There are of course macros

Yup, and Rust's macros are pretty cool, but in D you can just do:

static if (condition) {
    ...
}

There's a whole compile-time reflection library as well, so you can take a class and make a super-optimized serialization/deserialization library if you want. It's super cool, and I built a compile-time JSON library just because I could...

You kind of get that with Rust for free

Yup, Rust is awesome.

But in D you can do explicit scope guards:

scope(exit) - basically Go's defer()
scope(success) - only runs when no exceptions are run
scope(failure) - only runs when there's an exception

I didn't use them much, but they are really cool, so you can do explicit cleanup as you go through the logic flow, but defer them until they're needed.

It's a neat alternative to RAII, which D also supports.

Some really great work is being done on that pretty much all the time

I still need to try out Cranelift, which was posted here recently. Cranelift release mode could mostly solve this for me.

That said, I haven't touched D in years since moving to Rust, so I obviously find more value in it. But I do miss some of the candy.

[–] [email protected] 4 points 7 months ago (1 children)

But in D you can do explicit scope guards

Hmm... that is interesting.

scope(exit) is basically just an inline std::ops::Drop trait, I actually think it's a bad thing that you can mix that randomly into your code as you go instead of collecting all of the cleanup actions into a single function. Reasoning about what happens when something gets dropped seems much more straightforward in the Rust case. For instance it wasn't immediately clear that those statements get evaluated in reverse order from how they're encountered which is something I assumed, but had to check the documentation to verify.

scope(success) and scope(failure) are far more interesting as I'm not aware of a direct equivalent in Rust. There's the nightly only feature of std::ops::Try that's somewhat close to that, but not exactly the same. Once again though, I'm not convinced letting you sprinkle these statements throughout the code is actually a good idea.

Ultimately, while it is interesting, I'm actually happy Rust doesn't have that feature in it. It seems like somewhat of a nightmare to debug and something ripe to end up as a footgun.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 7 months ago (1 children)

For instance it wasn’t immediately clear that those statements get evaluated in reverse order

It's a stack, just like Go's defer().

scope(success) and scope(failure) are far more interesting as I’m not aware of a direct equivalent in Rust

Probably because Rust doesn't have exceptions, and I'm pretty sure there are no guarantees with panic!().

Ultimately, while it is interesting, I’m actually happy Rust doesn’t have that feature in it

Same, but that's because Rust's semantics are different. It's nice to have the option if RAII isn't what you want for some reason (it usually is), but I absolutely won't champion it since it just adds bloat to the language for something that can be solved another way.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 7 months ago (1 children)

Probably because Rust doesn’t have exceptions

Well, it has something semantically equivalent while being more explicit, which is Result (just like Option is the semantic equivalent of null).

and I’m pretty sure there are no guarantees with panic!().

I actually do quite a bit of bare metal Rust work so I'm pretty familiar with this. There are sort of guarantees with panic. You can customize the panic behavior with a panic_handler function, and you can also somewhat control stack unwinding during a panic using std::panic::catch_unwind. The later requires that anything returned from it implement the UnwindSafe trait which is sort of like a combination Send + Sync. That said, Rust very much does not want you to regularly rely on stack unwinding. Anything that's possible to recover from should use Result rather than panic!() to signal a failure state.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 7 months ago (1 children)

Yup. My point is just that scope(failure) could be problematic because of the way Rust works with error handling.

What could maybe be cool is D's in/out contracts (example pulled from here):

int fun(ref int a, int b)
in
{
    assert(a > 0);
    assert(b >= 0, "b cannot be negative!");
}
out (r)
{
    assert(r > 0, "return must be positive");
    assert(a != 0);
}
do
{
    // function body
}

The scope(failure) could partially be solved with the out contract. I also don't use this (I find it verbose and distracting), but maybe that line of thinking could be an interesting way to generically handle errors.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago (1 children)

Hmm... I think the Rust-y answer to that problem is the same as the Haskell-y answer, "Use the Types!". I.E. in the example above instead of returning an i32 you'd return a NonZero<u32>, and your args would be a: &NonZero<u32>, b: u32. Basically make invalid state unrepresentable and then you don't need to worry about the API being used wrong.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago (1 children)

I'm more referring to a more general application, such as:

fn do_stuff() -> Result<...> {
    if condition {
        return Error(...)
    }

    return Ok(...)
} out (r) {
    if r.is_err() {
        // special cleanup (maybe has access to fn scope vars)
    }
}

That gives you some of the scope(failure) behavior, without as many footguns. Basically, it would desugar to:

fn do_stuff() -> Result<...> {
    let ret = if condition { Error(...) } else { Ok(eee) };

    if ret.is_err() {
        ...
    }

I'm not proposing this syntax, just suggesting that something along these lines may be interesting.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago* (last edited 7 months ago) (1 children)

I think the issue with that is that it's a little bit of a solution in search of a problem. Your example of:

fn do_stuff() -> Result<...> {
    if condition {
        return Error(...)
    }

    return Ok(...)
} out (r) {
    if r.is_err() {
        // special cleanup (maybe has access to fn scope vars)
    }
}

isn't really superior in any meaningful way (and is arguably worse in some ways) to:

fn do_stuff() -> Result<...> {
    if condition {
        // special cleanup (maybe has access to fn scope vars)
        return Error(...)
    }

    return Ok(...)
}

For more complicated error handling the various functions on Result probably have all the bases covered.

For what it's worth a lot of my day to day professional work is actually in Java and our code base has adopted various practices inspired by Rust and Haskell. We completely eliminated null from our code and use Optional everywhere and use a compile time static analysis tool to validate that. As for exception handling, we're using the Reactor framework which provides a type very similar to Result, and we essentially never directly throw or catch exceptions any more, it's all handled with the functions Reactor provides for error handling.

I just don't think the potential footguns introduced by null and exceptions are worth it, the safer type level abstractions of Option and Result are essentially superior to them in every way.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 7 months ago* (last edited 7 months ago) (1 children)

We completely eliminated null from our code

Nice. We use Python and use None everywhere. I ran pyright on our codebase, and while we use typing religiously, our largest microservice has ~6k typing errors, most of which are unchecked Nones. We also use exceptions quite a bit, which sucks (one thing really annoys me is a function like check_permissions() which returns nothing, and throws if there's an issue, but it could totally just return a bool. We have nonsense like that everywhere.

I use Rust for all of my personal projects and love not having to deal with null everywhere. I'd push harder for it at work if others were interested, but I'm the only one who seems passionate about it (about 2-3 are "interested," but haven't even done the tutorial).

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago* (last edited 7 months ago) (1 children)

Yeah as far as I'm concerned null is public enemy number one. I refuse to work in any language that doesn't allow me to indicate in some fashion that a variable is non-nullable. I just about had an aneurysm when I found out that JavaScript not only has null, but also nil and undefined and they all mean something subtly different. To be fair though, JavaScript is like a greatest hits of bad language design.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago (1 children)

JavaScript doesn't have nil, but it has null, NaN and undefined.

But yeah, wrapping null in an Option is a really nice.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago (1 children)

It sort of has nil. While a type can be null or undefined when evaluated, nil is used in many of the JS libraries and frameworks to mean something that is either null or undefined. So you'll see functions like function isNil(value) { return value == null || value == undefined } and they'll sometimes often confuse things even more be actually defining a nil value that's just an alias for null which is just pointlessly confusing.

As an aside, basically every language under the sun has NaN as it's part of the IEEE floating point standard. JavaScript just confuses the situation more than most because it's weakly typed so it doesn't differentiate between integers, floats, or some other type like an array, string, or object. Hence anything in JS can be a NaN even though it really only has meaning for a floating point value.

[–] [email protected] 3 points 7 months ago (1 children)

function isNil(value)

We instead have function isNullOrUndefined(value) ... instead, but it does the same thing.

It's especially lame since you can't just do if (!value) ... since that includes 0 (but not [] or {}, which Python considers falsey). It's remarkably inconsistent...

basically every language under the sun has NaN

Yup, but you can use NotNan in Rust, just like your NonNull example.

And yeah, it's weird that JavaScript doesn't have an integer type, everything is just floating point all the way down. I actually did some bitwise logic with JavaScript (wrote a tar implementation for the web), and you get into weird situations where you need to >>> 0 in order to get an unsigned 32-bit integer (e.g. (1 << 31) >>> 0). Those hacks really shouldn't be necessary...

[–] [email protected] 3 points 7 months ago

Because it's floating point it also causes some REALLY strange bounds on integers. The maximum sized int you can safely store in JS is a 53 bit integer. That caused us all kinds of headaches when we tried to serialize a 64 bit integer and it started producing garbage results for very large values.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago

I'm still a big fan of D for personal projects, but I fear the widespread adoption ship has sailed at this point, and we won't see the language grow anymore. It's truly a beautiful, well-rounded language.

Also just recently a rather prominent contributor forked the entire compiler/language so we're seeing more fragmentation :/

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago

This happened to Scala with cats vs zio. I'm sad it wasn't more successful, it's a really, really good language

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago (1 children)

Rust had the same issue with tokio vs. async-std. I don't think this was ever resolved explicitly, async-std just silently died over time.

[–] [email protected] 2 points 7 months ago

Hmm, sort of, although that situation is a little different and nowhere near as bad. Rusts type system and feature flags mean that most libraries actually supported both tokio and async-std, you just needed to compile them with the appropriate feature flag. Even more worked with both libraries out of the box because they only needed the minimal functionality that Future provided. The only reason that it was even an issue is that Future didn't provide a few mechanisms that might be necessary depending on what you're doing. E.G. there's no mechanism to fork/join in Future, that has to be provided by the implementation.

async-std still technically exists, it's just that most of the most popular libraries and frameworks happened to have picked tokio as their default (or only) async implementation, so if you're just going by the most downloaded async libraries, tokio ends up over represented there. Longer term I expect that chunks of tokio will get pulled in and made part of the std library like Future is to the point where you'll be able to swap tokio for async-std without needing a feature flag, but that's likely going to need some more design work to do that cleanly.

In the case of D, it was literally the case that if you used one of the standard libraries, you couldn't import the other one or your build would fail, and it didn't have the feature flag capabilities like Rust has to let authors paper over that difference. It really did cause a hard split in D's library ecosystem, and the only fix was getting the two teams responsible for the standard libraries to sit down and agree to merge their libraries.