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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Big-Buddy4266 on 2024-11-02 03:41:19.

I saw some stories about experiment on this radioactive sphere, dubbed demon core in Los almos where experiments were being done on it to reflect the emitted neutrons back into it to make it go critical. And on two separate instances, the demon core accidentally became critical, which was characterized by a bright blue light, but was immediately knocked over, unfortunately the people working with it passed away. Now my question is, what if it just remained critical because no one knocked it over? What would've happened? Would it just melt from the heat and drip out of the reflective shielding or something much worse?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/SingleMomOf5ive on 2024-11-01 19:11:08.
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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/VertPaleoAMA on 2024-11-01 11:01:23.

Hi /r/AskScience! We are members of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, here for our 11th annual AMA. We study fossil fish, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles — anything with a backbone! Our research includes how these organisms lived, how they were affected by environmental change like a changing climate, how they're related, and much more. You can follow us on X u/SVP_vertpaleo.

Joining us today are:

Clint Boyd, Ph.D. (/u/PalaeoBoyd) is the Curator of the North Dakota State Fossil Collection and the Paleontology Program Manager for the North Dakota Geological Survey. His research focuses on the evolutionary history of ornithischian dinosaurs and studying Eocene and Oligocene faunae from the Great Plains region of North America. Find him on X @boydpaleo.

Stephanie Drumheller, Ph.D. (/u/UglyFossils) is a paleontologist at the University of Tennessee whose research focuses on the processes of fossilization, evolution, and biology, of crocodiles and their relatives, including identifying bite marks on fossils. Find her on X @UglyFossils.

Anne Fogelsong (/u/vertpaleoama) is a fine arts major at Idaho State University and is researching how cultural depictions of extinct creatures influence the scientific interpretation of these same creatures. She is the lead author on a poster at SVP analyzing how Jurassic Park has influenced how skeletons of Tyrannosaurus have been mounted since the 1990s.

Robert Gay (/u/paleorob) is the Education Manager for the Idaho Museum of Natural History. He focuses on Late Triassic ecosystems in the American Southwest, specifically in and around Bears Ears National Monument. He also works on Idaho's Cretaceous vertebrates and the Idaho Virtualization Laboratory doing 3D scanning and printing. Combining the last two, we recently completed a new mount and reconstruction of Idaho's state dinosaur Oryctodromeus!

Ashley Hall (/u/vertpaleoama) is the Outreach Program Manager at Museum of the Rockies in Bozeman, MT, USA, and a vertebrate paleontologist (dinosaurs, including birds) who specializes in informal education in museums, virtual programming, and science communication. She is also the author of Fossils for Kids: a Junior Scientist’s Guide to Dinosaur Bones, Ancient Animals, and Prehistoric Life on Earth.

Mindy Householder (/u/mindles1308) is a fossil preparator with the State Historical Society of North Dakota, USA. She has cleaned and repaired many fossil specimens for public museums and institutions over the past 18 years. Some well known specimens she worked on include “Jane” the juvenile Tyrannosaurus rex and “Dakota” the Edmontosaurus sp. fossilized natural mummy.

Rachel Laker, Ph.D. is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. Her research is focused on understanding how taphonomic processes (like decay, burial, diagenesis) record a fossil's depositional history, and how taphonomy can be used to improve our understanding of the accumulation histories of assemblages.

Hannah Maddox (u/Hannahdactylus) is a Master's student from the University of Tennessee studying taphonomy and vertebrate paleontology. She is interested in how reptiles decay and comparing it to mammals, because we have historically used mammals as models assuming that mammalian decomposition and reptilian decomposition are similar enough to make 1-to-1 comparisons in the fossil record. Spoiler alert: Not so!

Melissa Macias, M.S. (/u/paleomel) is a senior paleontologist, project manager, and GIS analyst for a mitigation company, protecting fossils found on construction sites. She also studies giant ground sloth biogeography of North America, using GIS to determine potential geographic ranges.

Benjamin Matzen, M.A. (u/vertpaleoama) is a science educator at Oxbridge Academy, in West Palm Beach, Florida. He earned his Masters Degree from the University of California, Berkeley where his research focused on the Permian reptiles, pareiasaurs. He worked for years as a mitigation paleontologist before returning full time to the classroom. He has taught in California and Florida and his courses taught range from AP Biology and Anatomy to Earth Science and Chemistry. He continues to focus on science education and has recently begun working during the summer months with the Sternberg Museum of Natural History Paleontology Camps.

Jennifer Nestler, M.S. (/u/jnestler) is an ecologist who uses quantitative methods to tackle paleontological and biological questions and inform conservation decisions. She studies the morphology and ecology of fossil and modern crocodylians, and has also looked at bite marks, biases in field collection methods, and landscape-level modeling.

Melissa Pardi, Ph.D. (/u/MegafaunaMamMel) is a paleontologist and the Curator of Geology at the Illinois State Museum in Springfield, IL, USA. Her research focus is the paleoecology of Quaternary mammals, including their diets and geographic distributions.

Adam Pritchard, Ph.D. (/u/vertpaleoama) is the Assistant Curator of Paleontology at the Virginia Museum of Natural History in Martinsville, VA, USA. His research focuses on the evolution of reptiles during the Permian and Triassic periods, a time of great change that saw the rise of the dinosaurs. Please check out the Virginia Museum of Natural History at vmnh.net. Dr. Pritchard has also co-produced the paleontology podcast series Past Time, available at www.pasttime.org.

Emily Simpson, Ph.D (/u/vertpaleoama) is a Teaching Assistant Professor at the University of Tennessee, USA. Her research focuses broadly on how mammal communities respond to rapid environmental change, most recently with a focus on using stable isotopes to study herbivores at the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary in Egypt.

Rissa Westerfield, M.S. is a paleontologist who teaches 6-12 life and earth sciences at The Clariden School in Southlake, TX, USA, where she also serves as the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme Coordinator. She specializes in teaching high school paleontology with a strong focus on developing students' critical thinking skills, ethical understanding in science, and research.


We will be back starting around 11 AM Central Time (4 PM UTC) to answer your questions. See you soon!

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/BobMcGeoff2 on 2024-11-01 03:13:26.

I have a vague idea that the answer has something to do with sonic booms being a process caused by flow of air molecules, and since they're small, they can't create the conditions for that.

What's the actual answer?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/DlyanMatthews on 2024-10-31 00:23:16.

And if they still do, then how does that work?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/kaboose1066 on 2024-10-30 06:53:01.

They are always wet and leave a wet trail, how do they not dry out?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/PhantomFrenzy151 on 2024-10-30 01:48:55.

I imagine there’s a cool reason for it, I just don’t know what it is. Im not too far into physics yet, so bear with me. (Im talking about the equations where you add up the reciprocals)

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/CheeseCatsBirds on 2024-10-30 01:12:10.

In the process of B cell development and the two auto reactivity checkpoints, the book I’m reading (Janeway) keeps talking about being antigen dependent. What it doesn’t mention is, whether this is self antigen or foreign antigen throughout the B cell development process, especially with the auto reactivity checkpoints, how does the B cell differentiate between self antigen and foreign antigen and its development?

For example, if it sees soluble self antigen in the bone marrow or the spleen, that self antigen might be really small and so probably isn’t contributing to any sort of co stimulatory stuff, so how the heck does it know what is foreign and what is self? Or does it even differentiate at this stage between those antigens? But wouldn’t it need to in case, it’s in the bone marrow and sees an antigen which is specific to, but that’s actually a pathogen so it should keep going in the process instead of being killed because it’s thinking that it’s self antigen?

As you can see, I’m very confused, any insight would be deeply appreciated.

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/RumforOne on 2024-10-29 18:11:13.

Species that first come to mind are birds who use power lines to sit on, but that wouldn’t quite be considered “evolving” to use the power lines, i’m talking about a species that evolved in direct response to human made objects.

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/puppycows on 2024-10-29 12:48:56.

Why does our hair color darken with age?

So when I was born up until I was 14, my hair was a light brown color with natural blonde parts. Now at 18, my hair is very dark brown, almost black. (My mom has black hair.) I wonder why this happens? I was thinking, wouldn't it make sense that since hair color is genetic, it would be consistent throughout your entire life.

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Western_Flight5276 on 2024-10-29 18:21:38.

Image

In this image isn't Fermat's principle of shortest time only defined if the point B is already given/mentioned or calculated using one of Snell's laws. If we don't know the point B it's impossible to verify Fermat's principle and if we use Snell's laws (which was verified using Fermat's principle) doesn't it become paradoxical. How should we find point B without using Snell's laws or justify using Snell's laws with Fermat's principle if we don't know point B?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Lepidodendronss on 2024-10-28 19:38:10.

Title speaks for itself… I understand how WBCs kill pathogens and such, but what about the vice versa?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/jumpjumpgoat on 2024-10-27 15:19:25.

I recently learned that if Jupiter's magnetic field was visible, it would appear larger than the moon. Which made me wonder if there is a way to take a 'picture' of it. Of course, in order to take this 'picture', we'd need a camera that somehow detects magnetic fields from afar.... Is this even possible?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Stonelocomotief on 2024-10-28 18:22:53.

The way nuclei move or

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/kaboose1066 on 2024-10-28 08:06:10.

A large cut or bad scrape can heal quite well or entirely. But larger ones cannot heal fully / regrow the required cells. What's the limiting factor in cell regeneration to its original form?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Lokarin on 2024-10-27 15:11:24.

IE: I'm curious if there's a bug in food that is entirely harmless to us, but is everpresent in a selection of food

As a fake example, like if there was some sort of rhinovirus in grapes that can't even affect us

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/The_first_Ezookiel on 2024-10-27 11:01:22.

When I get a cold/flu it almost invariably starts with a sore throat for 1-2 days Then the snotty nose for 1-2 days Then a cough for 1-2 weeks.

How does the one virus affect such different parts of the body in so many different ways, and they don’t seem to be cumulative - there’s perhaps a short crossover period as one symptom ends and the other starts - but each symptom seems to finish up when the next one starts.

It’s like 3 or 4 totally different illness reactions one after the other.

“Why is it so?” (Julius Sumner Miller)

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Server16Ark on 2024-10-26 15:54:29.

I am thinking about birds like the Greater lophorina and others that collect piles of items of distinct colors to try and attract a mate. Or the Pufferfish and their elaborate sand circles.

How is this information learned, or passed on genetically - if it is genetic? It seems comparatively complex for these animals to know. Likewise, where might have the basis for these rituals started?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/The_Drawing_Boarder on 2024-10-26 21:36:53.

If there is an infection going on in a single place in the body, like a cut on a finger or a burst pimple, how do white blood cells stay there to fight without getting washed away by the coursing blood?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/GenjitsuShimada on 2024-10-26 18:32:12.

how does the blood generated in marrow get through the bone to the vessels?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Ill_Definition8074 on 2024-10-25 23:35:56.

I don't know if this question is botany or geology or something in between. I got the idea from this island called Pea Patch Island. It gets it's name from an interesting local legend. The story I heard was the island was originally just a mudbank in the Delaware river. It appeared some time in the 18th century and it would've eroded away soon after it appeared But then a ship carrying peas ran aground on the island causing the cargo to spill. The peas mixed in with the soil and sprouted. The roots of the pea plants strengthened the soil, turning Pea Patch Island into a much more permanent land mass. I'm not asking if that's true in the specific case of Pea Patch Island but more generally. Can plant's roots really help temporary land masses become permanent?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/AccentThrowaway on 2024-10-25 13:11:46.

Is there even a minimum distance? And if so, why? Aside from practicality, what limits us from shooting an ICBM at something 1 mile away?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/SensibleFilament on 2024-10-25 17:52:30.

For example, the tick transmitted disease Powassan. Most people apparently do not develop symptoms, but for those who do, it can be severe. What's happening to the people who don't get symptoms? No negative impacts whatsoever and the body just deals with the virus/kills it? And why don't they become symptomatic?

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Brief_Advantage_1196 on 2024-10-25 17:30:32.

With Hippos being the new "memey" animal everyone shares on social media, I occasionally see videos of zoo staff putting what looks like paint or a vibrantly colored cream on hippo's faces. At first, I thought it was something like sunscreen. But I seem to recall Hippos produce their own "sunscreen" of sorts. What am I missing? Looking it up on google didn't yield much results.

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The original post: /r/askscience by /u/Ok_Engineering_138 on 2024-10-25 16:58:21.

I'm trying to understand why our body can safely consume and digest rare steak but a chicken has to be cooked fully or you risk food poisoning and infection. Is this an evolutionary thing? Like did we evolve eating red meats and became immune to the pathogens commonly found in it?

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