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If you're not familiar with the tracing crate, give the instrument page a read. You may find the #[instrument(err)] part particularly useful.
As for the errors themselves, if you're using thiserror (you should be), then the variants in your error enum would/should contain the relevant context data. And the chain of errors would be tracked via source/#[source] fields, as explained in the crate docs. You can see such chains if you use anyhow in your application code.
I didn't know about #[instrument(err)] but in general I am well aware of the ways to log and return errors,
I am more concerned with ways to prevent myself from accidentally forgetting to log some relevant information until the first time that error is logged somewhere where I need to debug the actual problem and then having to essentially create a new version just to add that logging (if I am lucky enough for the error to be reproducible at all).