If you use the most formal grammar taught to beginners, then every single language can be broken down this way -- and this is nothing special to Japanese. Unfortunately this sort of nice structure tends to melt away as you transition to more "natural" ways of talking / writing, even in formal contexts. Even things like the -ka suffix (as mentioned in another comment) is really often just not a thing in normal speaking.
And no, Japanese isn't free from conjugations. It simply conjugates in a different way compared to what European languages tend to do. And the use of suffixes and forming "verb chains" is also core to how the language's grammar works.