They're actually a republic. The Vedek Assembly has a lot of influence, but they're fully separate from the Provisional Government. And they only have that much influence because the vast majority of the population follows the Bajoran faith. Think of the Assembly like the Vatican - powerful when everyone cares (Pope during the Middle Ages), but virtually powerless when nobody does (Pope now).
VindictiveJudge
Phase 2 production attempts actually only lasted a year or two right before filming on TMP started.
They were going through a few different movie scripts at the time. Interestingly, a rejected one was about a black hole that threatened to consume reality, not dissimilar to the prime timeline part of '09.
Early pre-production for the first movie started that year. Might have been to build hype.
The Prime Directive shouldn't have even applied with that. They can't stop a foreign government from executing their own citizens for stupid things, but trying to execute another nation's citizens is an international incident and falls under standard international politics. The Federation seems to give Starfleet ship captains ambassadorial powers, so Picard should have started threatening sanctions and making comments about how executing Wes could be considered an act of war.
I mostly chalk that kind of thing up to writers not having any idea what the Prime Directive actually is.
Their treatment of Ferengi women is also arguably slavery.
You can combine it with nearly anything and it will work. I love chocolate, but I'm unconvinced that it would work as the ice cream flavor in a float, for example. Vanilla? So long as the other flavor is sweet, it will work.
And a tricorder that they occasionally check while trying to look sneaky.
Just double checked. Looks like beta-canon from the novels. Interestingly, according to Memory Alpha, the first episode or two with Bajorans in TNG had all the male Bajorans wear the earring on the right and all the female Bajorans wear it on the left, but right ears for both sexes became standard pretty early on. The only other named character that wears it on the left is Lt Mura in PIC.
Ro was basically on probation in her first appearance or two, IIRC. Uniform modifications are allowed at the discretion of the officer's CO, and Ro was already in something of a disciplinary thing, so forbidding modifications makes some sense.
While the earring is typically religious and she may have been able to argue for reasonable accomodation on those grounds, Ro specifically wears it on the left ear, which is considered a secular way to show familial heritage while also indicating you don't follow the Bajoran faith.
For their internal politics, yes the PD applies. For general interaction, no, the PD no longer applies. You can also land on a pre-warp world if they're already buying Romulan Ale from the Ferengi. It's not like you can make it any worse once the cat's out of the bag. Consider that Kirk was sent to negotiate with the Organians back when they were thought to be a pre-industrial species; that was fine since they had already been contacted by some other people, including the Klingons.